General biology experiment, observation of blood cells

This article is an observation report on the blood in the human body and the blood cells in it.



The purpose is to find out the composition of blood and to find out the types and functions of cells in the blood.



Use a microscope to observe blood cells and look for morphological features.



Is written, and explanations are written for red blood cells, the principle of oxygen transport of red blood cells, for white blood cells, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, etc., and the principle and reason for fixation of lymphocytes and ethanol are written.





1. Title: Blood cell observation



2. Introduction:

-Purpose: To find out the composition of blood and to find out the types and functions of cells in the blood.

Use a microscope to observe blood cells and look for morphological features.

-theory :

-What is blood? : Blood is made from the bone marrow in the bones and then constantly circulates through the blood vessels of our body, protecting and maintaining our life.



Our body has about 4-6 liters of blood. Blood is largely divided into blood cell components and plasma components.


 


Blood cell components consist of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, and plasma mainly consists of water, and contains electrolytes, blood coagulation factors, and protein components, which are essential for life.





Blood circulates through arteries, capillaries, and veins by the beating of the heart, carrying oxygen, nutrients, and waste products.



Our body is made up of numerous cells.



Each of these cells needs oxygen and nutrients to fulfill their respective roles.



Blood is responsible for the important task of receiving oxygen from the air from the lungs, delivering it to the cells that need it, and transporting nutrients absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract to the cells.



It also carries waste products from the cells so that the kidneys can remove them.



Blood also has white blood cells and antibodies, which are components that can fight against bacteria and viruses that have invaded our body, playing a very important role in helping our body to be protected from diseases such as bacterial infection.



If blood vessels are blocked in a part of our body and blood circulation is impossible, that part is infected with bacteria and the cells die.

-The process by which blood cells are made: Differentiation from stem cells





-Red Blood Cells (RBCs): Red blood cells are made by differentiating from the hematopoietic stem cells of the bone-marrow and occupy the largest number of blood cells.



The size is as small as about 7 micrometers in diameter.



In healthy adults, one microliter of blood contains about 4-5 million red blood cells, and a drop of blood contains about 300 million red blood cells.



The reason the blood is red is because of these red blood cells.



Red blood cells do a very important job of delivering oxygen to all the cells in our body that need oxygen (O2).



Red blood cells contain iron-containing molecules called hemoglobin.



Each red blood cell contains about 3 million hemoglobin, so in a way, red blood cells are ``packs of hemoglobin.'' They take and transport oxygen from the air from the lungs.



Hemoglobin bound to oxygen is called oxyhemoglobin, which has a bright red color.



Red blood cells containing oxyhemoglobin go through the arteries to the cells of each tissue, deliver oxygen, and instead receive carbon dioxide (CO2), one of the waste products of the cells.



Upon receiving carbon dioxide, hemoglobin in red blood cells turns into carboxyhemoglobin, and the color becomes dark red.



This is why the color of the blood around the veins is dark red.





-White Blood Cells (WBCs): The number of white blood cells is smaller than that of red blood cells.



Each microliter of blood contains about 4,000-10,000 white blood cells.



Normally, the number is small, but when intruders (bacteria, viruses, etc.) come in from outside and attack our body, it increases the number of white blood cells against it, and runs to the place where the intruder bacteria are and removes them. About two-thirds of blood cells are granulocytes with very small particles in the cells.



They run to where the bacteria have invaded and eat them.



Granulocytes are again classified into neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils.



Monocytes or macrophages, like granulocytes, prey on invaders, but after processing the eaten bacteria in the cells, they provide the information to the immune system of our body, and when the same bacteria invade, it is promptly Helps you kill it.





-Neutrophil: Granulocyte, consisting of 2-5 lobes (usually 3) in the nucleus, and the cytoplasm looks like a special granule, bright pink, and has many lysosomes as azurophilic granule .



Phagocytosis acts on bacteria and viruses.





-Eosinophil: Granular leukocytes. The nucleus is usually composed of two lobes, the cytoplasm is a special granule, and it appears red, and it is a Hoazur granule that has few lysosomes.



It acts by destroying parasites and hydrolysis of antigen-antibody complexes.





-Basophil: Granular leukocytes with invisible nuclei, cytoplasm with special granules, dark blue color, and Hoazur granules with few lysosomes.



The inflammatory reaction is mediated by histanmine in the special granule and acts as hypersensitivity.





-Lymphocyte: Lymphocyte is an important component of the immune system. Lymphocyte circulates in blood vessels and lymphatic system. It is activated and multiplied by antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells in lymph nodes. Work to get rid of them.



A dendritic cell patrols whether the cells in its jurisdiction are peaceful or in a dangerous state by an intruder, and if it finds an intruder harming it, it collects the intruder's information and runs to the lymph nodes to prevent the intruder. Finds specific lymphocytes that can attack, activates and multiplies them.



Lymphocytes are largely classified into T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. T lymphocytes include cytotoxic T cells (aka "killer" T cells) and helper T cells. Cytotoxic T cells find cells infected with bacteria or viruses with specific antigens that they can recognize and kill them by inducing apoptosis with chemical substances, and B lymphocytes make antibodies to attack and remove intruders with specific antigens. .



Helper T cells play a very important role in helping to activate B lymphocytes or killer T cells that can attack intruders.



Like other blood cells, white blood cells such as granulocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes are made from the hematopoietic stem cells of the bone marrow.





-Monocyte: Agranulocyte. The nucleus is oval, horseshoe-shaped, and has Hoazur granules in the cytoplasm. It differentiates into macrophages and acts on phagocytosis.


-Platelets: Platelets are the smallest among blood cells. Adults have about 15-400,000 platelets in 1 microliter of blood.



Although platelets are small, they do a very important job of stopping blood when injured.



When injured, platelets adhere to the walls of damaged blood vessels, and the platelets aggregate together, causing blood to clot and stop the blood.



Platelets are also made in the bone marrow.





-Plasma: Plasma refers to the water component that accounts for more than half of the blood.



Plasma contains important protein components such as electrolytes, nutrients, vitamins, hormones, enzymes, antibodies and blood coagulation factors, which are essential for life.



The composition of this blood is approximately 55% plasma, 1% white blood cells and platelets, and 45% red blood cells.

 

- Staining of blood cells: Methylene blue, which is a blue color system, is easy to observe because relatively red color is distributed like blood or blood vessel cells.



It facilitates observation by staining tissue and cell parts with different colors and different intensities.



Many hair dyes behave like acids or bases.



So, they are colored by selectively combining with the various parts that are ionized in the tissue.



Since the part representing the color of methylene blue is charged with (+), it binds to the part that is charged with (-) in the tissue.





-Fixing principle and reason for ethanol: Ethanol (CH 3 CH 2 OH) is considered a protein denaturing coagulant, thus exposing the internal hydrophobic groups of the protein that interfere with hydrogen bonding and altering the tertiary structure of the protein and the solubility of water.



Immobilizing cells with ethanol is for the purpose of staining the cells in a good way to observe them as they live.



In order to maintain the original shape of the cell, it is a process of killing cells without changing the osmotic pressure.



This is because when the osmotic pressure changes, the cells crush or expand.





-Hypothesis: Blood cells such as red blood cells, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes will be observed in the blood of healthy people.





3. Materials & Methods:



-Materials: Blood, 1% Methylene blue solution, 70% ethanol, microscope, slide glass, cover glass, lancet, alcohol swap



-Methods:

① Spread blood on another slide glass, dry it for 2-3 minutes, add 70% ethanol drop by drop, and fix for 2-3 minutes.



② Add a drop of 1% Methylene blue solution and dye for 5 minutes.



③ Cover the cover glass and observe it under a microscope.

As a result of observing the blood 100 times, it was observed that those composed of blue dots and small particles like moss gathered together to give a turquoise hue.



As a result of observation at 400 times, the blue dots observed at 100 times were found to be neutrophils by observing that there were 3-4 lobes in the genus, and microscopic dots were observed on the dark blue-colored background. I did.


 


Basophil, two large lobes observed, eosinophils, lymphocytes with blue circles inside on a bright blue-colored background, and monocytes were observed by observing that they also look like horseshoe. Small particles were observed as erythrocytes (RBCs) as they looked like rice seeds.



5. Discussion:



-Differences between results from other groups: As a result of observing the results of other experimental groups, there was a group in which all cells were observed at once, an unusually large number of red blood cells, and there was a group that was difficult to observe other neutrophils or basophils.



This is a difference between individual humans and a collection of blood. Because the types of cells that can be observed through a microscope may be different, the results of the experiment may be different.





-Scientific interpretation of experimental results, experimental success and analysis of causes: This experiment produced various preparats with one person's blood, but the total number of preparats smeared was two, and half of the four were produced.



Among them, the result of smearing by an experimental team other than me was difficult to observe as it was agglomerated because too much methylene blue solution was put in and smeared well, and all of the preparat I smeared were well observed with a microscope.



This was found to be highly dependent on the skill of the smearer such as the amount, angle, and force of blood.



6. Reference:

<The composition of blood>

 

amc.seoul.kr/dept/content/view.do?dtCode=D046&dtType=D&menuId=6854

http://amc.seoul.kr/dept/content/view.do?dtCode=D046&dtType=D&menuId=6854

<Ethanol fixation principle>

www.leicabiosystems.com/pathologyleaders/fixation-and-fixatives-3-fixing-agents-other-than-the-common-aldehydes/

Fixation and Fixatives – Fixing Agents Other than the Common Aldehydes : Leica Biosystems

<Learn more 2>

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC#.EC.84.B8.ED.8F.AC.EC.9D.98_.EC.A2.85.

You can read this post in korean

biostudy.tistory.com/10

일반생물학 실험, 혈구 세포의 관찰